HIV Treatment: What Antiretroviral Drugs Do
HIV cannot yet be cured, but it can be effectively controlled. Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) suppress the virus, protect the immune system, and — when started early — allow people living with HIV to enjoy a normal life expectancy.
How ARVs Work
ARVs block the virus from reproducing inside the body. Without replication, the viral load drops — eventually to undetectable levels. At that point, HIV cannot be transmitted sexually to a partner. A sustained undetectable viral load also lets the immune system recover, giving the body the strength to fight off other infections.
A standard HIV regimen combines three medicines drawn from at least two drug classes. The main drug classes include:
- Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
- Protease inhibitors (PIs)
- Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)
- Fusion inhibitors
- Entry inhibitors
- Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
PEP and Side Effects
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) offers a safety net after a potential exposure. It must begin within 72 hours and be taken consistently for 28 days. PEP is highly effective but not guaranteed — strict adherence is essential.
Known side effects of ARVs include headaches, dizziness, throat or tongue swelling, and, in some cases, liver complications. ARVs can also interact with other medicines, herbal products, and supplements — always consult a clinician before combining treatments.
This article is general information gathered from reputable public sources — not a substitute for advice from a qualified healthcare provider.